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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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20nat.1
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!UVWX ≥««Immigration
[In the 1920s, the U.S. for the first time came to grips with the
fact that it was the most powerful nation in the world, It emerged
from World War I, which it entered only in 1917 after the fighting
had already gone on for 2 1/2 years, without having undergone the
prolonged hemorrhaging of its youth, its resources and its ideals
suffered by any of the other Allied powers. President Woodrow Wilson
had played a large role in the subsequent peace conference that
resulted in the Versailles Treaty, whose provisions went into effect
on January 10, 1920, and had committed his personal prestige and that
of his administration to the new League of Nations that was going to
outlaw war and to the internationalist stance that membership in such
a body implied. But he was disabled by illness while campaigning for
the League; and while the U.S. did not vacate the world stage entirely,
the Senate voted to stay out of such potentially entangling
relationships as the League.
Exposure to the world's quarrels and ideologies in the World War,
however, gave rise to a renewed and patriotic xenophobia, and after-
ward produced a spasm of domestic debate over what America stood for
and who was an American. Not leftists--not socialists and Reds and
Bolshies and anarchists--that was the visceral response. Many believed
that the Communists who had triumphed in Russia would try to take over
and undo America's freedoms as they were trying to do in Europe.
On the first day of the decade, Justice Department raids rounded up
some 6,000 aliens, at least some of whom were genuine leftists and
most of whom were eventually deported. In the ensuing "Red scare,"
there were anti-Bolshevik riots and demonstrations, further arrests
and deportations; two Italian avowed anarchists, Nicola Sacco and
Bartolomeo Vanzetti, were convicted of murdering a Massachusetts
paymaster and guard.]
(OCTOBER 8, 1923)
The prospective bill is rather a modification of the present
immigration law than an attempt at a new law.
1) Annual immigration quotas of 2% of the aliens of each nationality
residing in the U.S. according to the census of 1890.
2) An additional annual quota of the same number, to be applied only
to relatives of persons resident in the U.S.
The significance:
The basing of quotas on the census of 1890 instead of on the census
of 1890 instead of on the census of 1910 will enlarge relatively the
quotas from northern Europe, as compared to southern, because
immigration from the latter region has taken place mostly since 1890.
The increase of the gross quota from 3% to 4% is compensated for by
the fact that under the census of 1890 the figure on which each quota
will be based is less than the same figure under the 1910 census.
The setting aside of half of the allowed immigration for relatives
of persons already here will favor those families who wish to make
America their permanent home and decrease the hardship to those
immigrants who under the present law find it difficult to have their
families join them in the U.S.
(APRIL 21, 1924)
The bill is generally supported by the West and South, admittedly
with the backing of the Ku Klux Klan; by organized labor which desires
to lessen competition with cheap European labor; and by those portions
of the conservative press which see American institutions menaced by
"hordes" of Italian, Jewish, Polish and southwestern European races,
difficult to assimilate due to radical divergences of creed,
tradition, root language and standards of living.
The bill is opposed by "liberals" who are disgusted with the Ku Klux
and clap-trap Nordic propaganda; by professional "friends of every
country but their own"; by the foreign language press; by the big
transatlantic shipping companies with a heavy immigrant trade; by
large Eastern employers of labor; by immigrant lobbies in New York
and Washington; and by many members of the Roman Catholic faith, who
are alarmed by Ku Klux linking of "Nordic supremacy" with the
Protestant religion or are influenced by the consideration that the
immigrant races most affected (Poles and Italians) are Catholics.
Economically, the measure amounts to a high tariff on foreign
labor. Its first effect would be to raise the commodity value of
labor throughout the country. Eventually, it might increase the
birthrate of the dwindling American-born population, by providing
superior economic opportunities for the presumptive heirs of the
national estate.